【1. Development of PVA-based forward osmosis membrane】

　 We have developed forward osmosis (FO) membrane using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a membrane matrix. To improve the salt rejection property by electric repulsion, charge moieties can be inserted into PVA by using our technique. Because of hydrophilic nature of PVA, this FO membrane would have lower fouling propensity, promising to be preferable in water treatment applications.

【2. Investigation of membrane potential of forward osmosis membrane】

　 In forward osmosis (FO) process, transport phenomena through the FO membrane (from feed solution (FS) to draw solution (DS), and from DS to FS) are quite important. Here, to understand this basic but complex phenomena, we have investigated the relationship between ion transport behavior and membrane potential under FO operation.